{"id":6082,"date":"2026-06-15T16:38:57","date_gmt":"2026-06-15T19:38:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/esem.org.br\/?p=6082"},"modified":"2026-06-15T16:40:01","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T19:40:01","slug":"mercados-sitiados-o-crime-organizado-mudou-estamos-dispostos-a-nos-adaptar-para-combate-lo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/esem.org.br\/es\/mercados-sitiados-o-crime-organizado-mudou-estamos-dispostos-a-nos-adaptar-para-combate-lo\/","title":{"rendered":"Mercados Sitiados: o Crime Organizado mudou. Estamos dispostos a nos adaptar para combat\u00ea-lo?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Adriano B. Rosas<\/b>
<\/b>Secret\u00e1rio Executivo \u2013 C\u00e1tedra Oswaldo Aranha de Seguran\u00e7a e Defesa<\/span><\/i><\/p>

O debate p\u00fablico brasileiro j\u00e1 reconhece que o crime organizado deixou de ser apenas um problema de tr\u00e1fico de drogas, com\u00e9rcio ilegal de armas e viol\u00eancia armada localizada. Fac\u00e7\u00f5es e redes criminosas passaram a explorar formas alternativas de financiamento, usar empresas de fachada, operar plataformas digitais, lavar recursos em circuitos financeiros complexos e buscar influ\u00eancia sobre agentes p\u00fablicos e mercados regulados. Em todos esses casos, por\u00e9m, o objetivo central permanece o mesmo: ampliar os rendimentos de atividades il\u00edcitas e reduzir os riscos de sua opera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>

Contudo, n\u00e3o basta imaginar que o problema ser\u00e1 resolvido apenas pela pris\u00e3o de grandes lideran\u00e7as, pela identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de operadores financeiros \u2014 o chav\u00e3o \u201csiga o dinheiro\u201d \u2014 ou pelo combate aos agentes que atuam nas camadas mais sofisticadas da economia formal, como se bastasse perseguir os criminosos que se encontram \u201cna Faria Lima\u201d. Essas frentes s\u00e3o necess\u00e1rias, mas insuficientes. Os desafios tradicionais \u2014 ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o territorial, coer\u00e7\u00e3o sobre popula\u00e7\u00f5es vulner\u00e1veis, constru\u00e7\u00e3o de governan\u00e7a paralela ao Estado e controle de servi\u00e7os essenciais \u2014 continuam existindo e se tornando cada vez mais arraigados e evidentes. O crime organizado contempor\u00e2neo n\u00e3o substituiu as economias il\u00edcitas ou a domina\u00e7\u00e3o territorial pela infiltra\u00e7\u00e3o econ\u00f4mica em setores formais; ele passou a combinar essas dimens\u00f5es.<\/span><\/p>

Um caso recente que representa bem esse problema \u00e9 a infiltra\u00e7\u00e3o no setor de combust\u00edveis. Em agosto de 2025, a Opera\u00e7\u00e3o Carbono Oculto, conduzida por Receita Federal, Minist\u00e9rio P\u00fablico, Pol\u00edcias Estaduais e outros \u00f3rg\u00e3os, revelou a dimens\u00e3o da atua\u00e7\u00e3o criminosa em um mercado regulado e estrat\u00e9gico. Segundo dados divulgados pela Receita Federal e reportados pela imprensa internacional, o esquema envolveu mais de R$ 10 bilh\u00f5es em importa\u00e7\u00f5es, R$ 52 bilh\u00f5es em vendas dom\u00e9sticas, mais de R$ 46 bilh\u00f5es movimentados por fintechs, centenas de mandados de busca e o bloqueio de mais de R$ 1 bilh\u00e3o em ativos. O que esse caso revela \u00e9 decisivo: organiza\u00e7\u00f5es criminosas podem usar mercados formais como infraestrutura de expans\u00e3o, lavagem de capitais e prote\u00e7\u00e3o patrimonial.<\/span><\/p>

Mesmo os rinc\u00f5es da Amaz\u00f4nia n\u00e3o est\u00e3o livres dessa infiltra\u00e7\u00e3o. Estudo divulgado pelo projeto Amaz\u00f4nia 2030 mostrou que a repress\u00e3o \u00e0s rotas a\u00e9reas do tr\u00e1fico contribuiu para deslocar parte da circula\u00e7\u00e3o de drogas para os rios, fen\u00f4meno associado a cerca de 1.430 mortes entre 2005 e 2020 em munic\u00edpios ribeirinhos. Em 2025, relat\u00f3rio do F\u00f3rum Brasileiro de Seguran\u00e7a P\u00fablica, resumido pela <\/span>Associated Press<\/span><\/i>, apontou a presen\u00e7a de fac\u00e7\u00f5es em 344 dos 772 munic\u00edpios da Amaz\u00f4nia brasileira. Trata-se da fus\u00e3o entre ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o territorial, tr\u00e1fico de drogas, narcogarimpo, extra\u00e7\u00e3o ilegal de madeira, controle de rotas, coer\u00e7\u00e3o sobre popula\u00e7\u00f5es locais e eros\u00e3o concreta (ou ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o do vazio de legitimidade) da presen\u00e7a estatal em \u00e1reas estrat\u00e9gicas.<\/span><\/p>

O mesmo vale para a dimens\u00e3o transnacional. Relat\u00f3rios e opera\u00e7\u00f5es recentes de ag\u00eancias europeias de seguran\u00e7a t\u00eam registrado o uso de Brasil, Equador e Col\u00f4mbia como os principais pontos de origem ou tr\u00e2nsito de coca\u00edna destinada ao mercado europeu. A economia il\u00edcita que sai daqui n\u00e3o se fecha nas nossas fronteiras; ela conecta hidrovias amaz\u00f4nicas, rodovias sul-americanas, portos atl\u00e2nticos e mercados consumidores distantes. E a expans\u00e3o do PCC j\u00e1 entra, inclusive, na linguagem da seguran\u00e7a hemisf\u00e9rica: em maio de 2025, autoridades americanas afirmaram a representantes brasileiros que haviam identificado c\u00e9lulas do PCC e do Comando Vermelho em 12 estados dos Estados Unidos.<\/span><\/p>

Tamb\u00e9m se tornam mais porosas as fronteiras entre crime organizado, terrorismo e outras formas de viol\u00eancia pol\u00edtica. Embora sejam fen\u00f4menos distintos, eles podem compartilhar rotas, mecanismos financeiros, tecnologias, redes de contrabando, armas, plataformas digitais e formas de coopera\u00e7\u00e3o oportunista. Em diferentes partes do mundo, grupos criminosos e extremistas se aproximam n\u00e3o por afinidade ideol\u00f3gica, mas por conveni\u00eancia log\u00edstica e econ\u00f4mica. Essa zona cinzenta exige novas ferramentas anal\u00edticas e maior coopera\u00e7\u00e3o internacional.<\/span><\/p>

\u00c9 nesse contexto que a perspectiva da seguran\u00e7a multidimensional se torna indispens\u00e1vel. A Declara\u00e7\u00e3o sobre Seguran\u00e7a nas Am\u00e9ricas, aprovada no \u00e2mbito da Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o dos Estados Americanos em 2003, j\u00e1 reconhecia que as amea\u00e7as contempor\u00e2neas n\u00e3o cabem em uma \u00fanica dimens\u00e3o. Elas envolvem seguran\u00e7a p\u00fablica, desenvolvimento, institui\u00e7\u00f5es, fronteiras, economia, tecnologia, meio ambiente e coopera\u00e7\u00e3o internacional. O crime organizado transnacional \u00e9 talvez uma das express\u00f5es mais claras dessa realidade: nenhum pa\u00eds, ag\u00eancia ou setor consegue enfrent\u00e1-lo isoladamente.<\/span><\/p>

Foi justamente a partir dessa constata\u00e7\u00e3o que a C\u00e1tedra Oswaldo Aranha de Seguran\u00e7a e Defesa e a Escola de Seguran\u00e7a Multidimensional do Instituto de Rela\u00e7\u00f5es Internacionais da USP promoveram, nos dias 9 e 10 de junho, o Semin\u00e1rio Internacional <\/span>\u201cMercados Sitiados: Crime Organizado Transnacional e a Ascens\u00e3o das Economias Il\u00edcitas nas Am\u00e9ricas\u201d<\/b>, reunindo especialistas do Brasil, Estados Unidos, Europa e Am\u00e9rica Latina para discutir os novos padr\u00f5es de infiltra\u00e7\u00e3o criminal em mercados formais e os desafios contempor\u00e2neos da coopera\u00e7\u00e3o internacional no enfrentamento ao crime organizado transnacional. O semin\u00e1rio debateu temas como captura de mercados regulados, combust\u00edveis, tabaco, economias il\u00edcitas na Amaz\u00f4nia, lavagem de ativos, crimes cibern\u00e9ticos, seguran\u00e7a portu\u00e1ria, governan\u00e7a criminal, coopera\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fablico-privada e o nexo entre crime organizado e terrorismo.<\/span><\/p>

Entre os participantes nacionais, o semin\u00e1rio reuniu representantes do sistema de justi\u00e7a, da administra\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fablica, do setor financeiro e da ind\u00fastria diretamente envolvidos nos desafios da governan\u00e7a criminal e da prote\u00e7\u00e3o de mercados regulados. Estiveram presentes <\/span>M\u00e1rcia Meng<\/b>, Superintendente da Receita Federal na 8\u00aa Regi\u00e3o Fiscal (S\u00e3o Paulo), com ampla experi\u00eancia em fiscaliza\u00e7\u00e3o tribut\u00e1ria, aduaneira e enfrentamento a fraudes complexas; <\/span>Maur\u00edcio Santos Silva<\/b>, Coordenador-Geral de Combate ao Contrabando e Descaminho da Receita Federal do Brasil e chefe da Divis\u00e3o de Gest\u00e3o de Riscos para a Repress\u00e3o ao Contrabando e Descaminho; <\/span>Jo\u00e3o Paulo de Souza<\/b>, Promotor de Justi\u00e7a e integrante do Grupo de Atua\u00e7\u00e3o Especial de Combate ao Crime Organizado de S\u00e3o Paulo (GAECO-SP); <\/span>Paulo Vitor da Silva<\/b>, Procurador do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo (PGE-SP), com atua\u00e7\u00e3o em temas relacionados \u00e0 infiltra\u00e7\u00e3o criminal em mercados regulados; <\/span>Fabian Franco<\/b>, Superintendente de Preven\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Lavagem de Dinheiro do Banco Ita\u00fa; e <\/span>Marcelo Thom\u00e9<\/b>, vice-presidente da Confedera\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional da Ind\u00fastria (CNI), presidente do Instituto Amaz\u00f4nia+21 e refer\u00eancia em debates sobre desenvolvimento sustent\u00e1vel e prote\u00e7\u00e3o econ\u00f4mica da Amaz\u00f4nia.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

No plano internacional, o evento contou com pesquisadores e especialistas reconhecidos internacionalmente por sua atua\u00e7\u00e3o no enfrentamento \u00e0s economias il\u00edcitas, \u00e0 governan\u00e7a criminal e \u00e0 coopera\u00e7\u00e3o em seguran\u00e7a. Participaram <\/span>Togzhan Kassenova<\/b>, pesquisadora da University at Albany (SUNY) e professora visitante do Instituto de Rela\u00e7\u00f5es Internacionais da USP; <\/span>Vanda Felbab-Brown<\/b>, pesquisadora s\u00eanior da Brookings Institution e refer\u00eancia internacional em economias il\u00edcitas e conflitos; <\/span>Erin McFee<\/b>, presidente do Corioli Institute e especialista em governan\u00e7a criminal e reintegra\u00e7\u00e3o em contextos de viol\u00eancia organizada; <\/span>Rebecca Ch\u00e1vez<\/b>, presidente e CEO do Inter-American Dialogue e refer\u00eancia em seguran\u00e7a hemisf\u00e9rica e coopera\u00e7\u00e3o interamericana; <\/span>Atanas Rusev<\/b>, diretor do Programa de Seguran\u00e7a do Center for the Study of Democracy (Bulg\u00e1ria); <\/span>Carl Alexandre<\/b>, que atuou como Representante Especial Adjunto do Secret\u00e1rio-Geral das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas para a Miss\u00e3o de Estabiliza\u00e7\u00e3o no Haiti (MINUSTAH) entre 2013 e 2015, al\u00e9m de ter exercido fun\u00e7\u00f5es de lideran\u00e7a no Departamento de Justi\u00e7a dos Estados Unidos; <\/span>Daniel Cevallos<\/b>, decano da Escola de Seguran\u00e7a e Defesa do Instituto de Altos Estudios Nacionales (IAEN), no Equador; e o General <\/span>Juan Carlos Buitrago Arias<\/b>, que dirigiu a Pol\u00edcia Fiscal e Aduaneira da Col\u00f4mbia (POLFA) entre 2016 e 2018, tornando-se uma refer\u00eancia regional no combate ao contrabando e \u00e0s economias il\u00edcitas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Mais do que apresentar diagn\u00f3sticos, o encontro refor\u00e7ou uma percep\u00e7\u00e3o compartilhada entre acad\u00eamicos, formuladores de pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas, representantes do sistema de justi\u00e7a e especialistas internacionais: o crime organizado contempor\u00e2neo tornou-se adaptativo, empresarial e transnacional \u2014 e sua capacidade de infiltra\u00e7\u00e3o em mercados l\u00edcitos exige respostas igualmente coordenadas, baseadas em intelig\u00eancia, coopera\u00e7\u00e3o interinstitucional e articula\u00e7\u00e3o entre setor p\u00fablico, academia e iniciativa privada.<\/span><\/p>

Se existe uma conclus\u00e3o central a extrair desse debate, \u00e9 que estamos diante de um fen\u00f4meno em transforma\u00e7\u00e3o acelerada. O crime organizado j\u00e1 compreendeu como explorar as vulnerabilidades de um mundo globalizado, digitalizado e economicamente interdependente. A pergunta que permanece \u00e9 como nossas institui\u00e7\u00f5es p\u00fablicas e privadas \u2014 e nossa capacidade de coopera\u00e7\u00e3o \u2014 conseguir\u00e3o se adaptar com a mesma velocidade.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es: https:\/\/esem.org.br\/pt\/seminario-internacional-catedra-oswaldo-aranha\/?<\/span><\/p>



<\/b><\/p>

Markets Under Siege: Organized Crime Has Changed. Are We Prepared to Adapt in Order to Combat It?<\/b><\/p>

Adriano B. Rosas<\/span>
<\/span>Executive Secretary \u2013 Oswaldo Aranha Chair for Security and Defense<\/span><\/i><\/p>

Brazilian public debate increasingly recognizes that organized crime is no longer solely a matter of drug trafficking, illegal arms trade, or localized armed violence. Criminal factions and networks have expanded into alternative financing mechanisms, shell companies, digital platforms, complex financial laundering schemes, and influence over public officials and regulated markets. Yet, despite these evolving methods, the central objective remains unchanged: to maximize profits from illicit activities while minimizing operational risks.<\/span><\/p>

At the same time, it would be a mistake to assume that organized crime can be effectively addressed simply by imprisoning high-profile leaders, tracing financial operators through the familiar logic of \u201cfollowing the money,\u201d or focusing exclusively on actors embedded in the more sophisticated layers of the formal economy, as though the challenge were confined to white-collar criminality in elite financial circles. While such measures remain essential, they are far from sufficient. Longstanding dynamics of organized crime \u2014 including territorial occupation, coercion of vulnerable populations, the establishment of parallel systems of governance, and control over essential services \u2014 continue to shape everyday realities in many regions and, in some cases, have become even more visible. What distinguishes contemporary organized crime is not the replacement of territorial domination or illicit economies by economic infiltration into formal sectors, but rather the growing ability to combine and integrate these different dimensions into increasingly sophisticated and resilient structures.<\/span><\/p>

A recent example that illustrates this transformation is criminal infiltration in the fuel sector. In August 2025, <\/span>Operation Hidden Carbon<\/span><\/i> (<\/span>Opera\u00e7\u00e3o Carbono Oculto<\/span><\/i>), conducted by Brazil\u2019s Federal Revenue Service, Public Prosecutor\u2019s Offices, State Police forces, and other agencies, exposed the scale of criminal activity within a regulated and strategic market. According to data released by Brazil\u2019s Federal Revenue Service and reported by the international press, the scheme involved more than R$10 billion in imports (approximately US$1.8 billion<\/span>), R$52 billion in domestic sales (approximately US$9.4 billion), over R$46 billion moved through fintech platforms (approximately US$8.3 billion), hundreds of search warrants, and the freezing of more than R$1 billion in assets (approximately US$180 million). What this case reveals is decisive: criminal organizations can exploit formal markets as infrastructure for expansion, money laundering, and asset protection.<\/span><\/p>

Even the remote regions of the Amazon are not immune to this process of infiltration. A study released by the Amaz\u00f4nia 2030 project found that efforts to repress aerial drug trafficking routes contributed to shifting part of the drug trade toward river systems, a phenomenon associated with approximately 1,430 deaths between 2005 and 2020 in riverine municipalities. In 2025, a report by the Brazilian Public Security Forum, summarized by the <\/span>Associated Press<\/span><\/i>, identified the presence of criminal factions in 344 of the 772 municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon. This reflects the convergence of territorial occupation, drug trafficking, illegal mining, illicit timber extraction, route control, coercion over local populations, and the erosion of state presence in strategically important regions.<\/span><\/p>

The same logic applies to the transnational dimension of organized crime. Recent reports and operations by European security agencies have identified Brazil, Ecuador, and Colombia as major points of origin or transit for cocaine destined for European markets. The illicit economy emerging from Latin America does not stop at national borders; it connects Amazonian waterways, South American highways, Atlantic ports, and distant consumer markets. Even the expansion of the PCC (Primeiro Comando da Capital) is increasingly framed within the language of hemispheric security: in May 2025, U.S. authorities reportedly informed Brazilian representatives that they had identified PCC and Comando Vermelho cells operating in twelve U.S. states.<\/span><\/p>

The boundaries between organized crime, terrorism, and other forms of political violence have also become increasingly porous. Although distinct phenomena, they may share routes, financial mechanisms, technologies, smuggling networks, weapons, digital platforms, and opportunistic forms of cooperation. Across different regions of the world, criminal and extremist groups often collaborate not because of ideological affinity, but due to logistical and economic convenience. This gray zone demands new analytical tools and deeper international cooperation.<\/span><\/p>

It is in this context that the multidimensional security perspective becomes indispensable. The <\/span>Declaration on Security in the Americas<\/span><\/i>, adopted within the framework of the Organization of American States in 2003, already recognized that contemporary threats cannot be understood through a single dimension. They encompass public security, development, institutions, borders, economics, technology, the environment, and international cooperation. Transnational organized crime is perhaps one of the clearest expressions of this reality: no country, agency, or sector can confront it alone.<\/span><\/p>

It was precisely from this understanding that the Oswaldo Aranha Chair on Security and Defense and the Multidimensional Security School of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo\u2019s Institute of International Relations hosted, on June 9\u201310, the International Seminar <\/span>\u201cMarkets Under Siege: Transnational Organized Crime and the Rise of Illicit Economies in the Americas.\u201d <\/b>The event brought together specialists from Brazil, the United States, Europe, and Latin America to discuss new patterns of criminal infiltration into formal markets and the contemporary challenges of international cooperation in addressing transnational organized crime. Topics included the capture of regulated markets, fuel and tobacco illicit economies, criminal governance in the Amazon Basin, money laundering, cybercrime, port security, public-private cooperation, and the crime-terror nexus.<\/span><\/p>

Among the Brazilian speakers were representatives from the justice system, public administration, the financial sector, and industry directly engaged with challenges related to criminal governance and the protection of regulated markets. Participants included <\/span>M\u00e1rcia Meng<\/b>, Superintendent of Brazil\u2019s Federal Revenue Service in the 8th Fiscal Region (S\u00e3o Paulo), with extensive experience in tax enforcement, customs oversight, and the fight against complex fraud schemes; <\/span>Maur\u00edcio Santos Silva<\/b>, General Coordinator for the Fight Against Smuggling and Customs Fraud at Brazil\u2019s Federal Revenue Service and Head of the Risk Management Division for Smuggling and Customs Fraud Enforcement; <\/span>Jo\u00e3o Paulo de Souza<\/b>, Prosecutor and member of S\u00e3o Paulo\u2019s Special Task Force to Combat Organized Crime (GAECO-SP); <\/span>Paulo Vitor da Silva<\/b>, State Attorney of S\u00e3o Paulo (PGE-SP), with expertise in criminal infiltration into regulated markets; <\/span>Fabian Franco<\/b>, Superintendent for Anti-Money Laundering at Ita\u00fa Bank; and <\/span>Marcelo Thom\u00e9<\/b>, Vice President of Brazil\u2019s National Confederation of Industry (CNI) and President of Instituto Amaz\u00f4nia+21, a leading voice in debates on sustainable development and economic protection in the Amazon.<\/span><\/p>

At the international level, the event included globally recognized scholars and practitioners in illicit economies, criminal governance, and international security cooperation. Participants included <\/span>Togzhan Kassenova<\/b>, researcher at the University at Albany (SUNY) and visiting professor at the University of S\u00e3o Paulo\u2019s Institute of International Relations; <\/span>Vanda Felbab-Brown<\/b>, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution and an internationally recognized authority on illicit economies and conflict; <\/span>Erin McFee<\/b>, President of the Corioli Institute and specialist in criminal governance and reintegration in contexts of organized violence; <\/span>Rebecca Ch\u00e1vez<\/b>, President and CEO of the Inter-American Dialogue and a leading voice on hemispheric security and inter-American cooperation; <\/span>Atanas Rusev<\/b>, Director of the Security Program at the Center for the Study of Democracy (Bulgaria); <\/span>Carl Alexandre<\/b>, who served as Deputy Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) between 2013 and 2015 and held senior leadership roles within the U.S. Department of Justice; <\/span>Daniel Cevallos<\/b>, Dean of the School of Security and Defense at Ecuador\u2019s Institute of Higher National Studies (IAEN); and General <\/span>Juan Carlos Buitrago Arias<\/b>, who led Colombia\u2019s Fiscal and Customs Police (POLFA) between 2016 and 2018, becoming a regional reference in combating smuggling and illicit economies.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

More than simply presenting diagnoses, the seminar reinforced a shared perception among academics, policymakers, justice sector representatives, and international specialists: contemporary organized crime has become adaptive, entrepreneurial, and transnational \u2014 and its ability to infiltrate licit markets requires equally coordinated responses grounded in intelligence-sharing, interinstitutional cooperation, and stronger collaboration between the public sector, academia, and private actors.<\/span><\/p>

If there is one central conclusion to be drawn from these discussions, it is that we are confronting a phenomenon undergoing rapid transformation. Organized crime has already learned how to exploit the vulnerabilities of an increasingly globalized, digitized, and economically interdependent world. The remaining question is weather and how our public and private institutions \u2014 and our collective capacity for cooperation \u2014 will be able to adapt at the same pace.<\/span><\/p>

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8 June 2026 Washington, DC and S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil ICAIE and Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo (USP) Announce New Partnerships on Fighting Crime Convergence across the Americas\u00a0 \u00a0Spotlighting Criminal Threats in the Amazon Basin\u2019s Critical Ecosystems and Habitats through a Network Consortium of Academic Centers Today, ICAIE and USP jointly launched a new research project to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6083,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[48],"class_list":["post-6082","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-eventos","tag-segurancapublica-2"],"yoast_head":"\nMercados Sitiados: o Crime Organizado mudou. 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